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Postgres hosting - installing GAG. The problem goes away on subsequent

webmaster — Fri, 02 Feb 2007 00:29:21 +0000

installing GAG. The problem goes away on subsequent reboots, so don’t worry too much about it. You can also configure GAG to load a default operating system and to boot that default after a certain number of seconds, or just about anything you would like. Congratulations! You now have a full dual-boot system. Page 99

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Boot Managers A boot manager is a program (Easy web hosting)

webmaster — Thu, 01 Feb 2007 12:23:57 +0000

Boot Managers A boot manager is a program that controls which operating system boots on a computer. Previously, we used an active partition to tell the BIOS the partition to hand control to. A boot manager allows you to choose on the fly the partition you want to use. A computer with only one operating system on it does not need a boot manager, but if you’ve installed more than one OS you’ll need one. We’re going to discuss GAG, the Graphical Boot Manager. GAG really is an acronym for Graphical Boot Manager in Spanish, the author’s native language. The program is astonishingly simple to manage and quite pretty to look at, and it works perfectly to boot any number of operating systems, including OpenBSD. If you have a preferred boot manager that you are experienced with, use it! Linux and FreeBSD both include excellent boot managers, and the Windows NT boot manager can be used to handle OpenBSD partitions with a bit of research. I generally find that GAG is the simplest way to go for dual-boot OpenBSD/ Windows systems, however. Finding GAG GAG has a home page, at http://www.rastersoft.com/gageng.htm. You can find documentation here, as well as a variety of links to booting resources. Just download the zip file and uncompress it. You’ll find a copy of the GAG license (GPL), a directory containing the GAG source code, a disk image, and rawrite.exe, the Windows program to burn a disk image to floppy. The GAG disk image, disk.dsk, is a boot floppy image, much like the OpenBSD install disk. You can copy this image to a disk with any of the tools you used to create the boot floppy in Chapter 2. You should have your OpenBSD system up and running, so here’s how to do it in OpenBSD. # dd if=disk.dsk of=/dev/fd0c Once you have the bootable floppy, boot from it. It should very quickly present you with a text-based menu system. You can find extensive documentation in the instructions available through this menu. Check out the instructions, and then hit the “install GAG” option (”4″ in GAG 4.1). You’ll have a chance to choose your keyboard layout, and your language, then GAG will bring up a nice graphic menu with two options: Boot from Floppy Disk Key 1 Set up GAG Key S You want to tell GAG about your system, so hit “S.” This will bring up another text-based menu, with the “command letter” being highlighted in red. Choose “Add an Operating System,” and you’ll see a list of options much like this. A Boot from floppy B 0Bh MS-Windows FAT32 C A6h OpenBSD Hit “B” to tell GAG about your Windows system. It will ask you for a description to show on boot, and offer you a choice of graphic logos to choose from. You can repeat the process for to configure GAG to load OpenBSD as well, and even use the cute little blowfish logo. When you’re done, be certain to tell GAG to save the setup in the hard disk. The next time you boot, you will get a graphic menu offering you both operating systems on your hard drive. Note I found that Windows XP complained the first time it booted after Page 98
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The installer will then ask you (Comcast webspace) which directory

webmaster — Thu, 01 Feb 2007 01:11:54 +0000

The installer will then ask you which directory you placed the installation sets on. Enter the pathname where the sets are stored (or ‘?’) /obsd At this point, the installer will pick up the installation sets, and you can proceed normally. Page 97

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Installing from a Foreign File System (Web hosting bandwidth) Partition OpenBSD

webmaster — Wed, 31 Jan 2007 15:38:05 +0000

Installing from a Foreign File System Partition OpenBSD can be installed from files on a partition dedicated to another operating system. You could install Windows XP in the first 7GB of your hard drive, download the distribution directory (or desired files thereof) into a directory on your Windows install, and use that as an installation source. Here, we’re going to install OpenBSD from files downloaded on a Windows NT 4.0 install and stored in the directory c: obsd. During the installation dialog, you will see the familiar installation set selection question: Sets can be located on a (m)ounted filesystem; a (c)drom, 1 (d)isk or (t)ape device; or a (f)tp, (n)fs or (h)ttp server. Where are the install sets you want to use? (m, c, f, etc.) d The 1 disk option allows you to install from an existing disk. Choose it, and you’ll see the following menu: Available disks are: sd0 sd1 wd0. Which one contains the install sets? (or done) [sd0] That installer sure likes to assume drive sd0, doesn’t it? My Windows install is on drive wd0, so enter that. You’ll be shown a complete list of the partitions on this drive. The following partitions have been found on wd0: a: 1024002 8193150 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # (Cyl. 8128*- 9143) b: 1208592 9217152 swap # (Cyl. 9144 - 10342) c: 39179952 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 38868) d: 12582864 10425744 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # (Cyl. 10343 - 22825) e: 2097648 23008608 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # (Cyl. 22826 - 24906) f: 14060214 25106256 4.2BSD 1024 8192 16 # (Cyl. 24907 - 38855*) i: 8193087 63 MSDOS 1 # (Cyl. 0*- 8128*) Partition? [a] The only annoying thing here is that you have already created OpenBSD partitions by this point, and you’ll have to sort through them all. Still, the 1 MSDOS file system is easy to find amidst all this. It’s on partition “i,” so enter that. As OpenBSD cannot identify all sorts of file systems automatically, you will have to choose the file system type on that partition. The “default” should work for most cases, but you may have to explicitly enter “msdos” if you have a problem. You can easily install from MSDOS, Linux, and UFS partitions with the installer. The following filesystem types are supported: default (deduced from the disklabel) ffs msdos Which filesystem type? [default] Page 96

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Web hosting paypal - Here, we see that disklabel understands the 1

webmaster — Wed, 31 Jan 2007 03:10:48 +0000

Here, we see that disklabel understands the 1 offset from the Windows partition, and it knows how many 2 sectors are available in the OpenBSD partition. Other than the unusual offset, this looks exactly like creating a root partition in a dedicated OpenBSD system. The rest of the install process is absolutely identical to the standard OpenBSD install. Once you’re finished, however, you’ll need to find a way to tell your computer which operating system to boot. That’s the job of a boot manager, as we’ll see shortly. Page 95
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Phpbb hosting - Disklabel on Multiboot Systems When you are only

webmaster — Tue, 30 Jan 2007 15:29:53 +0000

Disklabel on Multiboot Systems When you are only using part of a hard drive for OpenBSD, you need to handle your OpenBSD partitions a little differently. Before you start to divide up your new MBR partition, take a look at the disklabel you’re starting with. > p … total sectors: 39179952 1 free sectors: 16643340 2 rpm: 3600 16 partitions: # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg] 3 a: 16643340 14329980 unused 0 0 4 c: 39179952 0 unused 0 0 5 i: 14329917 63 MSDOS Normally, on an empty disk, you’ll see that the total number of sectors equals the free sectors. You haven’t installed any OpenBSD partitions on this disk, but the 1 total sectors and 2 free sectors are most certainly not equal. disklabel(8) has found the FAT32 MBR partition and adjusted the free space appropriately. Later on, you’ll also see the 4 “c” partition that represents the whole disk is just what you would expect in a dedicated OpenBSD system. There’s also an 5 “i” partition with a file system type of MSDOS. Although this appears at the bottom of the disklabel, it has an offset of 63, so it’s at the beginning of the disk. This is your Windows installation. You might want to make a note of the disklabel partition letter, as it will come in useful when you want to access that disk from OpenBSD, or you can read the disklabel later with disklabel(8). (See Chapter 18 for details.) You also automatically get an 3 “a” partition, of the same size as the free space available on the system. The “a” partition is normally the root partition, but it’s assigned a size that fills the entire MBR partition you’ve set aside for OpenBSD! Remember, your root partition must fit entirely within the first 8GB of disk, so you’re going to need to re-create this partition with a proper size. Note A bit of addition will show that the existing partitions do not use up all the space available on this disk. We still don’t have an MBR partition at the end of this disk for the second chunk of Windows space. After completing the OpenBSD install, we’ll boot into Windows XP and use the Disk Manager MMC snap-in to partition and format the unpartitioned space. So, start by deleting the “a” partition created by fdisk, and then add a new “a” partition. > da > aa offset: [14329980] 1 size: [16643340] 2 500M Rounding to nearest cylinder: 1023876 FS type: [4.2BSD] mount point: [none] / > Page 94
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Honest web hosting - Other fdisk Options fdisk has many other options,

webmaster — Tue, 30 Jan 2007 04:12:20 +0000

Other fdisk Options fdisk has many other options, some of which are not particularly useful while installing. Here are some of the fdisk options you might find useful at this time. For a complete list of possibilities, see fdisk(8). Starting Over If you find that you’ve completely ruined the MBR partition table and you just want to start over, the “reinit” command removes all the MBR partitions that currently exist. It then creates a single OpenBSD partition that spans the whole drive, as partition ID 3. This will, of course, obliterate any other operating system on your hard drive. Disable a Partition If you have an MBR partition configured and you don’t want to use it, you need to either change it to a valid configuration or disable it. In many cases, disabling the partition is the easiest thing to do. You’ll frequently encounter this when you’re reinstalling every operating system on a computer. For example, when installing various combinations of OpenBSD and Windows late one night when the caffeine had just run out, I found myself with the following ludicrous MBR partition table. #: id C H S -C H S [ start: size ] 0: 0C 1 0 0 1 - 776 239 63 [ 0: 11748240 ] Win95 FAT32L 1: A6 777 0 1 - 1813 239 63 [ 11748240: 15679440 ] OpenBSD 2: 0C 1814 0 1 -3 2590 239 63 [ 27427680: 11748240 ] Win95 FAT32L *3: A6 2 0 1 1 -4 2590 239 63 [ 63: 39175857 ] OpenBSD Look closely at the 1 start cylinder for MBR partition 0, and compare that to the 2 start partition for MBR partition 3. They’re identical. Similarly, the 3 ending cylinder for MBR partition ID 2 and 4 MBR partition ID 3 are identical. Partition 3 contains partitions 1 and 3 and, if you look closely, partition 1 as well. In this case, there’s no room for partition 3, and it would be best to just disable it so it doesn’t interfere with anything. Edit the partition, and set the partition ID to 0 to disable it. fdisk:*1> edit 3 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S -C H S [ start: size ] *3: A6 0 1 1 - 2590 239 63 [ 63: 39175857 ] OpenBSD Partition id (’0′ to disable) [0 - FF]: [A6] (? for help) 0 Partition 3 is disabled. fdisk:*1> If you go back and look at the partition table, all the entries within partition 3 are now set to 0. Page 93
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Writing current MBR to disk. … fdisk will

webmaster — Mon, 29 Jan 2007 16:38:30 +0000

Writing current MBR to disk. … fdisk will print out your MBR partition information one last time, and then the install program proceeds to the disklabel section. [1]Cylinder 0, head 0, sector 1 is the Master Boot Record itself. Page 92
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BIOS Starting cylinder [0 - (Fantastico hosting) 2437]: [0] 892

webmaster — Mon, 29 Jan 2007 06:38:56 +0000

BIOS Starting cylinder [0 - 2437]: [0] 892 BIOS Starting head [0 - 254]: [0] 0 BIOS Starting sector [1 - 63]: [0] 1 BIOS Ending cylinder [0 - 2437]: [0] 1927 BIOS Ending head [0 - 254]: [0] 254 BIOS Ending sector [1 - 63]: [0] 63 fdisk:*1> Note that the fdisk prompt has changed and now displays an asterisk. This means that you have changed the MBR partition and that your changes have not yet been saved to the disk. You could type “exit” now, and fdisk would quit without saving your changes. That wouldn’t help us install OpenBSD, but you could do that if you made an error and didn’t know how to recover. Once you have created an OpenBSD partition, go back and view the MBR partition table with the “print” command. fdisk:*1> print Disk: wd0 geometry: 2438/255/63 [39166470 Sectors] Offset: 0 Signature: 0xAA55 Starting Ending LBA Info: #: id C H S -C H S [ start: size ] *0: 0B 0 1 1 - 891 254 63 [ 63: 14329917 ] Win95 FAT-32 1: A6 892 0 1 - 1927 254 63 [ 14329980: 16643340 ] OpenBSD 2: 00 0 0 0 -0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused 3: 00 0 0 0 -0 0 0 [ 0: 0 ] unused fdisk:*1> The new OpenBSD partition shows up! Double-check your work, and make sure this is what you want the system partitioning to look like. Set Active Partition One of your partitions needs to be marked “active,” meaning that when the system boots the BIOS will hand control of the system over to the operating system on that partition. (We’ll use boot loaders to get around this later, but for now you need to use it.) Set your OpenBSD partition to be active during the install, so you can boot into OpenBSD after the install and make sure you actually have a working system before proceeding. Use the fdisk command “flag” and a partition number to mark a partition as active. fdisk: 1> flag 1 Partition 1 marked active. fdisk: *1> If your OpenBSD partition is not partition 1, enter the proper partition number. Completing fdisk Once you are satisfied with your fdisk configuration, enter “quit” to leave fdisk(8) and write your changes to the MBR. > quit Page 91
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Windows web hosting - At the end of the line, we have

webmaster — Sun, 28 Jan 2007 19:04:59 +0000

At the end of the line, we have the 8 partition type in clear English. We could get this information by looking up partition ID 0×0B in a table, but it’s certainly convenient to print it here. Finally, fdisk presents a command prompt. fdisk: 1> We want to create a new MBR partition, immediately following the existing FAT32 partition. Creating MBR Partitions Actually entering the values for a new MBR is easy enough, once you know which keys to press. And OpenBSD’s online help (available by entering a question mark) is clear enough on telling you which keys to press. Figuring out which numbers you want to enter is the hard part! To create a new partition, we have to tell fdisk(8) where the partition starts, where it ends, and what sort of partition it is. Let’s tackle the easy one first: the partition type. OpenBSD Partition Type All OpenBSD partitions have a partition ID of A6. You can install OpenBSD on partitions of other partition IDs, but you might have some problems with doing that and have to hack around some assumptions in the operating system. Don’t do it. Partition Beginning We know that the previous partition ends at the end of cylinder number 891. Our new partition should begin at the beginning of cylinder 892. This would be head 0, sector 1, cylinder 892. Partition Ending Our new partition should end on a cylinder boundary. This means that it will end on some cylinder, head 254, sector 63. But which cylinder? Here, you have to resort to some basic math. No, stop screaming; it isn’t that bad: Just get out your calculator. This hard drive has 2,591 cylinders and can hold about 20GB, or 20,000MB. Each cylinder holds roughly the same amount of data. 20,000MB divided by 2591 cylinders equals a little over 7.719MB/cylinder. Dividing the desired partition size in megabytes by the actual MB/cylinder ratio shows that we need 1,036 cylinders for OpenBSD. The first partition goes through partition 891. 891 + 1036 = 1,927, so our OpenBSD partition will end on cylinder 1,927. Editing a MBR Partition Armed with this information, we can create a new OpenBSD partition. Enter “edit” and the number of the partition you want to edit. fdisk: 1>e 1 Partition id (’0′ to disable) [0 - FF]: [0] (? for help) A6 1 Do you wish to edit in CHS mode? [n] y 2 First enter the 1 partition type, A6 for OpenBSD. If you’re curious, you can enter a question mark and see a list of the myriad of partition types OpenBSD’s fdisk(8) recognizes. fdisk(8) will then ask you if you want to edit the MBR partition table in CHS (cylinder/head/sector) mode. If you don’t want to use CHS, you’ll have to figure out which sector your first cylinder starts on and your last cylinder ends on. You don’t want to do that. Enter “y” 2. You’ll then be prompted for the starting and ending cylinder information. Page 90
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